According to Duyilemi and Lawal, leave extract of Chrysophyllum albidum contains anthraquinone, tannin and cardiac glycoside and with no traces of reducing sugars, saponin and alkaloids.
According to Amusa et al., eleagnine, tetrahydro- 2 -methylharman and skatole are present in the methanol extract of Chrysophyllum albidum cotyledon seeds. The fruit was found to have the highest content of ascorbic acid per 100 g of edible fruit, which is about 100 times that of oranges and 10 times of that of guava and cashew. Chrysophyllum albidum is also an excellent source of vitamins, irons and flavours to diets. The fruits also contain 90 per cent anacadic acid, which is used industrially in protecting wood and as source of resin.
Ajewole and Adeyeye also confirmed that unsaturated fatty acids are the main components of the oil (74 per cent) of Chrysophyllum albidum.
The physicochemical and minerals analyses of Chrysophyllum albidum according to Imaga and Urua revealed the following; moisture (48.38 and 47.02 per cent), crude protein (2.75 and 2.68 per cent), carbohydrate (24.26 and 25.17 per cent), ash (4.175 and 4.68 per cent), crude fat (10.94 and 10.79 per cent) and energy value (206.50 and 208.53 Kcal) for ethanol and aqueous extract. Also, 100 g mineral composition (mg) of the fruit contains sodium (123.05), iron (42.45), zinc (34.45), magnesium (34.05), calcium (24.55), manganese (4.1) and potassium (2.05). The vitamins analyzed in mg/100 g indicated vitamin K (35.36), vitamin B1 (18.68), folate (2.02), vitamin C (3.084) and vitamin B6 (3.26). Tannins, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, reducing sugar and phlobatannins were also present in both extracts. Saponins, steroids and alkaloid were present in the aqueous extract. However, anthraquinone was absent in both extracts.
Study by Ureigho and Ekeke, (2010) on nutrient analysis of Chrysophyllum albidum revealed the presence of the following; carbohydrate (11 per cent), crude fibre (4 per cent), lipids (3 per cent), protein (7 per cent), Calcium (17.11 ppm), Iron (
Antioxidant activities
Adebayo, et al. investigated the antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging activity) properties of the leaves of petroleum ether, ethanol, butanol, ethylacetate, and water fractions of Chrysophyllum albidum by employing the in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Result from animal study showed that C. albidum exhibited significant (p < 0.05) differences on the activity of CAT, MDA and GSH. C. albidum has antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals, decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing the endogenous blood antioxidant enzymes levels. Adebayo and co-workers recommended that Chrysophyllum albidum could be employed as sources of natural antioxidant boosters for the treatment of free radical implicated oxidative stress disorders.
Imaga and Urua evaluated the antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit components. Ethanol extract showed more scavenging activity of free radicals compared to the aqueous extract. Reducing power increased remarkably at 75 μg/ml in the extracts. The ethanol extract showed more reducing power than the aqueous at equal concentrations. Nitric oxide showed significant increase in the scavenging activity of the ethanol extract at 75 μg/ml (p < 0.05), while there was a significant (p<0 .05="" activity="" all="" aqueous="" at="" concentrations="" decrease="" ethanol="" extract.="" extract="" greater="" in="" of="" p="" scavenging="" showed="" than="" the="">
In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum petroleum ether, ethanol, butanol, ethylacetate, and water fractions were determined in experimental models. The petroleum ether fraction showed the least antiradical activity (4057.5±809.6 g/kg) while ethyl ether exhibited the highest activity (414.4±92.0 g/kg). Myricetin rhamnoside also exhibited an excellent radical scavenging activity (314.1±60.2), which was comparable to the positive control. In animal studies, C. albidum exhibited significant (p < 0.05) differences on the activity of CAT, MDA and GSH. The authors recommended that Chrysophyllum albidum could be employed as sources of natural antioxidant boosters and for the treatment of some free radicals implicated oxidative stress disorders.
Idowu and co-workers had also reported that eleagnine; an alkaloid isolated from C. albidum seed cotyledon has antioxidant activities.
Sugar-lowering (Hypoglycemic) and cholesterol-reducing (hypolipidemic) effects. Olorunnisola, et al. evaluated the anti- hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanol extract of Chrysophyllum albidum seed cotyledon in model of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Their results showed that the daily treatment of diabetic rats with ethanol extract twice daily for seven days (100 and 200 mg/kg orally) significantly decreased (p<0 .001="" 100="" 11.92="" 12.10="" 200="" and="" bad="" blood="" br="" by="" cent="" cholesterol-="" compared="" concentrations="" control="" decrease="" density="" diabetic="" doses="" effect="" except="" extract="" glucose="" good="" hdl-cholesterol="" hepatic="" high="" in="" including="" induced="" kg="" levels="" lipids="" lipo-protein="" low="" mg="" no="" non-diabetic="" of="" on="" p="" per="" rats.="" rats="" respectively="" showed="" significant="" the="" to="" treated="" various="">
Liver-protecting (Hepatoprotective) activity...
(TO BE CONTINUED)